Cerium metal 99.9%, rare earth metal

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Cerium metal is a rare earth metal.

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- Purity: min.: 99,5%

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The silvery-white shining metal is the second most reactive element of the lanthanides after europium. Superficial damage to the protective yellow oxide layer ignites the metal. Above 150 °C, it burns to form cerium dioxide under intense incandescence. It reacts with water to form cerium hydroxide. Cerium occurs in compounds as a trivalent colorless or tetravalent yellow to orange cation. Under the influence of heat, it is very strongly attacked by ethanol and water. It is also strongly attacked in alkalis to form cerium hydroxides. In acids it is dissolved to form salts. Since the chemical properties of the rare earths are similar, metallic cerium is rarely used in its pure form, but in the mixture in which it is produced from the rare earth minerals during manufacture, the so-called mixed metal.

Use

Cerium compounds have a number of practical applications. The dioxide is used in the optics industry for fine polishing of glass, as a decolorizer in glass manufacturing, in petroleum cracking catalysts, and as a three-way auto emissions catalyst that takes advantage of its dual valence properties (3+/4+). Cerium, along with the other rare earth metals, is a component of many ferrous alloys to scavenge sulfur and oxygen and to crosslink cast iron. It is also used in nonferrous alloys, primarily to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys. Mixed metal (typically 50 percent cerium, 25 percent lanthanum, 18 percent neodymium, 5 percent praseodymium, and 2 percent other rare earths) is used mainly for lighter flints and alloy additions. In metallurgy, cerium serves as an additive for aluminum alloys and high-temperature iron-based alloys. It assists in the separation of sulfur and oxygen in the smelting process. The ferrous-mixed-metal alloy cerium iron is used as a starting material for flint for use in lighters and to generate sparks on roller coasters and in movie scenes (accident scenes). Cereisen in the composition 70% cerium and 30% iron, also known as Auermetall, was patented by Karl Auer von Welsbach in 1903. A variation was used worldwide as a flint for lighters.

Extraction

The metal is produced by electrolysis and metallothermic reduction of halides with alkali or alkaline earth metals. It exists in four allotropic (structural) forms. The α-phase is face-centered cubic with a = 4.85 Å at 77 K (-196 °C, or -321 °F). The β-phase forms just below room temperature and is double-densely packed hexagonal with a = 3.6810 Å and c = 11.857 Å. The γ-phase is the room temperature form and is face centered cubic with a = 5.1610 Å at 24 °C (75 °F). The δ-phase is body-centered cubic with a = 4.12 Å at 757 °C (1,395 °F). After a complex separation of the cerium companions, the oxide is reacted with hydrogen fluoride to form cerium fluoride. It is then reduced with calcium to form calcium fluoride to cerium. The separation of remaining calcium residues and impurities takes place in an additional remelting in vacuum.

Cerium was discovered in 1803 by Jons Jacob Berzelius and named after the then newly discovered dwarf planet Ceres. Like most of its rare earth elements - of which it is the most common - it was initially identified in the form of its oxide, known as cerium, and was not recovered as a pure metal until decades after its initial discovery. Nevertheless, both salts and metallic mixtures containing cerium were quickly used in industry. Cerium salts had an antiemetic effect and soon found their way into cough tinctures and antibacterial therapies. Around the same time, Carl Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian scientist with a flair for commercializing his discoveries, developed two products requiring the use of cerium with great success: Gas sleeves and lightweight flints. Auer's gas sleeves were simple devices - a cotton fabric soaked in salt mixtures - from which the embers emitted when heated provided a bright, white light in gas lamps. Cerium found a third use in the early days of artificial lighting in carbon arc lamps, which were especially prized in movie studios for their extreme brightness, allowing them to mimic the look of natural sunlight. With the exception of cerium nitrate, which is still available as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory topical treatment for burns, cerium compounds find little use in modern medicine, but the use of cerium in lighting has continued and expanded: Cerium-containing lantern sleeves and flint made from a cerium alloy are still in production, but today CER-containing fluorescent agents are also essential for the manufacture of monitors and fluorescent lamps. Cerium's optical properties are a significant building block in the development of non-toxic alternatives to cadmium-based pigments, and it is an important ingredient in glass manufacturing, where it is used to color gold and provide selective blocking of UV light. Cerium also imparts valuable properties when added in small quantities in various alloys: it makes aluminum more corrosion resistant, magnesium more heat resistant, and helps reduce sulfur and oxygen levels in steel. Cerium's largest use by volume is as a polishing agent Cerium(IV) oxide, which is used on precision optical components and to polish silicon wafers in microchips. Cerium oxides are also useful as catalysts and are used for this purpose in automotive catalysts, petroleum refining, and solid oxide fuel cells. Like other rare earth elements, cerium is never found in nature in its pure form. It can only be extracted from rare earths containing minerals such as xenotime, monazite and bastnasite, or from ion adsorption clays.

Symbol: Ce

Atomic mass: 140.116 u

Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f¹5d¹6s²

Atomic number: 58

Melting point: 795 °C

CAS number: 7440-45-1

Boiling point: 3,257 °C